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The world’s first offshore wind power non-desalination of seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 317-319 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0888-2

摘要： The world’s first offshore wind power non-desalination of seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production successfully tested in Fujian, China

关键词： China wind power non

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大规模非并网风电投融资研究

杨絮,刘勇

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第3期页码 75-78

摘要：

本文对大规模非并网风电体系的投融资方式进行了研究。首先阐述了风力发电投融资的现状。其次，对非并网风力发电的发展进行了介绍。然后对大规模非并网风电投融资的可用方法进行了分析探索，以期积极推进非并网发电体系的发展。文章最后还提及了非并网发电投融资面对的问题及给出了相关的建议。

关键词：非并网风电；非并网风电投融资；政府直接投资；金融投资；资金引进；项目合作融资

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我国风电开发利用创新与发展建议

朱军

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第3期页码 79-83

摘要：

我国可开发风能贮量远高于化石能源之和，高效利用风能，有助于缓解能源与环境压力。起步晚，增速快，目前我国风电装机总容量全球领先，但跟随式发展思维导致风电开发应用模式单一。而我国电源结构中适合调峰的灵活电源比重小，随着风电装机数量的快速扩张，限电“弃风”问题日益突出，影响了风电产业的可持续发展。发展新能源风电产业，需要从国情实际出发，遵循经济、环境和社会效益相统一的原则，获得国家“973”计划科研项目支持、源自我国的“非并网风电”理论，突破传统观念束缚，研究风电在不上网情况下实现高效、低成本的开发利用，目前已进入科技成果转化为现实生产力的关键期，需要多措并举，使风电真正成为造福我国的绿色清洁能源。

关键词：风电发展模式；非并网风电；成果转化

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建立非并网风电适宜产业的指标体系研究

刘勇

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第3期页码 60-66

摘要：

本文主要阐述非并网风电适宜产业指标评价体系的内涵及其构建原则，确定指标体系的层次以及各个指标的科学涵义和计算方法，并根据所构建的指标体系进行案例分析。本指标体系分为两个层次，第一层包含4个方面的宏观指标群，分别反映非并网风电的经济、社会和环境以及风电随机波动性特征；第二层反映在第一层次里各个宏观指标群的具体构成指标状况。指标权重的确定依据层次分析法，对各指标进行分类，建立多层次结构，构造成对比较矩阵，并根据随机一致性检验，经过多轮综合分析最终确定指标体系中各个层次指标的权重情况，权重的确定方法和过程客观、严谨、科学。在此基础上，根据指标间的内在联系建立综合评价模型，最终形成科学、合理、较为完善的指标综合评价体系。

关键词：非并网风电；适宜产业；指标体系

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大规模海上风电的非并网多元化应用研究——变海上风电场输电上岸为直接输产品上岸的探索

顾为东

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第11期页码 78-82

摘要：

针对海上风电大规模发展成本高、并网难、故障概率高的瓶颈，提出了一种海上大规模风电非并网多元化应用系统。该系统突破海上大规模风电并网的单一应用模式，通过必要的技术创新与集成，将大规模海上风电与高载能产业（如海水淡化、电解水制氢和电解铝等）直接耦合形成一个完整的新系统，变海上风电场输电上岸为直接输产品上岸，不仅破解了大规模、超大规模海上风电应用难题，而且大幅度节省海上风电场投资成本，提高了风电利用效率，具有十分重要的现实和战略意义。

关键词：海上风电非并网海水淡化制氢电解铝

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非并网风电电解水制氢系统及应用研究

颜卓勇,孔祥威

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第3期页码 30-29

摘要：

2013年中国风电新增装机容量为16.1 GW，累计装机容量为91.42 GW，两项指标均居世界第一，却有大量风机不能并网发电。当前，并网难已成为我国大规模风电发展中的突出问题。非并网风电是指风电系统的终端负荷不再是传统的单一电网，而是通过必要的技术创新与集成，直接应用于一系列能适应风电特性的高载能产业及其他特殊领域。在江苏大丰市建成日产120 Nm3非并网风电电解水制氢系统示范工程。该系统利用1台30 kW风机和1台10 kW风机共同给电解水制氢装置供电，采用非并网风电供电模式，风电联网不并网，消除了风电对电网的冲击，实现风电100 %高效、低成本利用。该系统的研究可以揭示风电与电解水制氢工艺之间的耦合规律。

关键词：非并网；风电；电解水制氢

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非并网风电应用中金属材料清洗与防护技术

吴昊,邹宜哲,白珂

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第3期页码 41-44

摘要：

为了保证大规模非并网风电装备，特别是金属构件的正常使用，需要对其进行必要的清洗及预防腐处理等前处理，为后续涂层等最终防护工序打下良好材料基础。本文针对金属部件的清洗与预防腐处理技术进行了研究，研发出金属清洗与防护产品，并进行了应用研究。

关键词：大规模非并网风电；金属；清洗；预防腐；前处理

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非并网风电单台风机日产万吨海水淡化系统研究

施建中

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第3期页码 35-40

摘要：

为了缓解我国淡水缺乏的现状，将海水进行淡化成了一个主要的研究方向。针对传统海水淡化方法属高耗能产业，并且使用常规能源，对环境易造成二次污染的缺陷，介绍了一种基于非并网多能源协同供电的海水淡化系统。该系统基于非并网风电原理，利用风、光、潮汐等绿色能源对海水淡化系统供电，提高了能源的利用效率，实现二氧化碳的零排放，具有很好的社会经济效益。本文设计并研发了一套单台风机日产万吨海水淡化系统，该系统利用1台2.5 MW风机对海水淡化系统供电，基于非并网风电理论，做到了风电高效、低成本、全部利用。

关键词：非并网；风网互补；多能源协同；海水淡化；变频

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非并网风电制氢及其在绿色交通物流中的应用

周凌云,王超

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第3期页码 50-55

摘要：

全球二氧化碳减排巨大压力给了氢能一次绝好的发展机遇，也加速了氢能技术的发展。水分解制氢是制氢技术的主要方向，但其依赖用电分解，能耗巨大，唯有与其他洁净能源如太阳能、风能等相匹配，才能降低成本。针对风电间歇波动、不可直接并网特点，探索开发利用我国黄海辐射沙洲丰富的风能资源，提出基于非并网风电技术制氢及其在绿色交通物流中应用模式和途径，对于综合开发风电资源、拓展氢能应用和绿色交通物流发展具有重要意义。

关键词：氢能；辐射沙洲；非并网风电；绿色交通物流；运输产业链

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UPFC setting to avoid active power flow loop considering wind power uncertainty

Shenghu LI, Ting WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 165-175 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0686-z

摘要： The active power loop flow (APLF) may be caused by impropriate network configuration, impropriate parameter settings, and/or stochastic bus powers. The power flow controllers, e.g., the unified power flow controller (UPFC), may be the reason and the solution to the loop flows. In this paper, the critical existence condition of the APLF is newly integrated into the simultaneous power flow model for the system and UPFC. Compared with the existing method of alternatively solving the simultaneous power flow and sensitivity-based approaching to the critical existing condition, the integrated power flow needs less iterations and calculation time. Besides, with wind power fluctuation, the interval power flow (IPF) is introduced into the integrated power flow, and solved with the affine Krawcyzk iteration to make sure that the range of active power setting of the UPFC not yielding the APLF. Compared with Monte Carlo simulation, the IPF has the similar accuracy but less time.

关键词： active power loop flow (APLF) unified power flow controller (UPFC) wind power uncertainty interval power flow (IPF)

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Power fluctuation and power loss of wind turbines due to wind shear and tower shadow

Binrong WEN, Sha WEI, Kexiang WEI, Wenxian YANG, Zhike PENG, Fulei CHU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第3期页码 321-332 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0434-1

摘要：

The magnitude and stability of power output are two key indices of wind turbines. This study investigates the effects of wind shear and tower shadow on power output in terms of power fluctuation and power loss to estimate the capacity and quality of the power generated by a wind turbine. First, wind speed models, particularly the wind shear model and the tower shadow model, are described in detail. The widely accepted tower shadow model is modified in view of the cone-shaped towers of modern large-scale wind turbines. Power fluctuation and power loss due to wind shear and tower shadow are analyzed by performing theoretical calculations and case analysis within the framework of a modified version of blade element momentum theory. Results indicate that power fluctuation is mainly caused by tower shadow, whereas power loss is primarily induced by wind shear. Under steady wind conditions, power loss can be divided into wind farm loss and rotor loss. Wind farm loss is constant at 3α(3α−1)R²/(8H²). By contrast, rotor loss is strongly influenced by the wind turbine control strategies and wind speed. That is, when the wind speed is measured in a region where a variable-speed controller works, the rotor loss stabilizes around zero, but when the wind speed is measured in a region where the blade pitch controller works, the rotor loss increases as the wind speed intensifies. The results of this study can serve as a reference for accurate power estimation and strategy development to mitigate the fluctuations in aerodynamic loads and power output due to wind shear and tower shadow.

关键词： wind turbine wind shear tower shadow power fluctuation power loss

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漂浮式风电场的基础形式和发展趋势

段金辉,李峰,王景全,程建生

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第11期页码 66-70

摘要：

阐述了海上风电场的分类，并对漂浮式风电场风电机组的浮式基础作了详细的介绍。随着风电开发技术的成熟，风机容量大型化、垂直轴风机的应用及建立非并网风电多元化应用系统将是以后漂浮式风电场发展的趋势。

关键词：漂浮式风电场浮式基础垂直轴风机非并网风电

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A comprehensive review of wind power based power system frequency regulation

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第5期页码 611-634 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0876-6

摘要： Wind power (WP) is considered as one of the main renewable energy sources (RESs) for future low-carbon and high-cost-efficient power system. However, its low inertia characteristic may threaten the system frequency stability of the power system with a high penetration of WP generation. Thus, the capability of WP participating in the system frequency regulation has become a research hotspot. In this paper, the impact of WP on power system frequency stability is initially presented. In addition, various existing control strategies of WP participating in frequency regulation are reviewed from the wind turbine (WT) level to the wind farm (WF) level, and their performances are compared in terms of operating principles and practical applications. The pros and cons of each control strategy are also discussed. Moreover, the WP combing with energy storage system (ESS) for system frequency regulation is explored. Furthermore, the prospects, future challenges, and solutions of WP participating in power system frequency regulation are summarized.

关键词： frequency regulation strategies wind turbine generators grid-forming control model predictive control energy storage system

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Equivalent circuit and characteristic simulation of a brushless electrically excited synchronous windpower generator

Hao WANG, Fengge ZHANG, Tao GUAN, Siyang YU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第3期页码 420-426 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0439-9

摘要：

A brushless electrically excited synchronous generator (BEESG) with a hybrid rotor is a novel electrically excited synchronous generator. The BEESG proposed in this paper is composed of a conventional stator with two different sets of windings with different pole numbers, and a hybrid rotor with powerful coupling capacity. The pole number of the rotor is different from those of the stator windings. Thus, an analysis method different from that applied to conventional generators should be applied to the BEESG. In view of this problem, the equivalent circuit and electromagnetic torque expression of the BEESG are derived on the basis of electromagnetic relation of the proposed generator. The generator is simulated and tested experimentally using the established equivalent circuit model. The experimental and simulation data are then analyzed and compared. Results show the validity of the equivalent circuit model.

关键词： wind power brushless electrically excited synchronous generator hybrid rotor equivalent circuit

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Windmills: Ancestors of the wind power generation

Cesare ROSSI, Flavio RUSSO, Sergio SAVINO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第3期页码 389-396 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0414-5

摘要：

A brief description of the windmills from the second millennium BC to the Renaissance is presented. This survey is a part of several studies conducted by the authors on technology in the ancient world. The windmills are the first motor, other than human muscles, and are the ancestors of the modern wind turbines. Some authors’ virtual reconstructions of old windmills are also presented. The paper shows that the operating principle of many modern machines had already been conceived in the ancient times by using a technology that was more advanced than expected, but with two main differences, as follows: Similar tasks were accomplished by using much less energy; and the environmental impact was nil or very low. Modern designers should sometimes consider simplicity rather than the use of a large amount of energy.

关键词： windmills ancient machines history of windmill